Theory, Culture & Society

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Register here to gain access to SAGE's 500+ Journals Online

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Franklin, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?
Theory, Culture & Society, Vol. 23, No. 7-8, 167-187 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0263276406069230

The Cyborg Embryo

Our Path to Transbiology

Sarah Franklin

Department of Sociology, London School of Economics, BIOS Centre for the Study of Bioscience, Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Society

It is useful on the occasion of the 21st anniversary of the ‘Cyborg Manifesto’ not only to reconsider its lessons in the context of what is frequently described as the re-engineering of ‘life itself’, but to look at Haraway’s earlier work on embryos. In this article I begin with Haraway’s analysis of embryology in the 1970s to suggest her cyborg embryo was already there, and has, if anything, gained relevance in today’s embryo-strewn society. I argue further, as the title suggests, that the cyborg embryo has been crucial in defining our path to what I am calling here, building on Haraway’s notion of trans from Modest_Witness, ‘transbiology’ - broadly meaning stem cell research, cloning, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To illustrate this argument I draw on recent ethnographic fieldwork in a new stem cell derivation facility in the UK built adjacent to an IVF surgery. Using this example, I explore the important and paradoxical role of IVF in the emergence of stem cell science, cloning and transbiology, suggesting that Haraway’s analysis remains crucial to understanding the ironic and contradictory, and unexpectedly generative, circumstances through which the IVF-stem cell interface - the door to transbiology - came into being.

Key Words: biological control • embryo • quality control • stem cells • transbiology

References

  • Ahmed, Sara (2006) Queer Phenomenology: Orientations, Objects, Others. Durham, NC: Duke University Press .
  • Banchoff, Thomas (2004) ‘Embryo Politics: Debating Life in a Global Era’, unpublished manuscript, cited with permission from the author.
  • Becker, Gay (2000) The Elusive Embryo: How Men and Women Approach New Reproductive Technologies. Berkeley: University of California Press .
  • Bowker, Geoffrey C. and Susan Leigh Star (2000) Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press .
  • Brown, Nik (2003) ‘Hope Against Hype: Accountability in Biopasts, Presents, Futures’ , Science Studies 16(2-3): 3-21 .
  • Brown, Nik and Alison Kraft (2006) ‘Blood Ties: Banking the Stem Cell Promise’ , Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 18(3-4): 313-327 .[CrossRef]
  • Cassidy, Rebecca and Molly Mullin (forthcoming) Where the Wild Things Are. New York: Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research .
  • Cooper, Melinda (2006) ‘Resuscitations: Stem Cells and the Crisis of Old Age’ , Body and Society 12(1): 1-23 .
  • Cussins, Charis (1996) ‘Ontological Choreography: Agency through Objectification in Infertility Clinics’ , Social Studies of Science 26(3): 575-610 .[Abstract]
  • Cussins, Charis (1998) ‘Producing Reproduction: Techniques of Normalization and Naturalization in Infertility Clinics’, pp. 66-101 in Sarah Franklin and Helena Ragone (eds) Reproducing Reproduction: Kinship, Power, and Technological Innovation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Edwards, Jeanette (2000) Born and Bred: Idioms of Kinship and New Reproductive Technologies in England. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
  • Edwards, R. G. (1965) ‘Maturation In Vitro of Mouse, Sheep, Cow, Pig, Rhesus Monkey and Human Ovarian Oocytes’ , Nature 208: 349-351 .[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Edwards, R. G. (2001) ‘The Bumpy Road to Human In Vitro Fertilization’ , Nature Medicine 7(10): 1091-1094 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Edwards, R. G. (2004) ‘Stem Cells Today: The Origin and Potential of Embryo Stem Cells’ , RBMOnline 8(3): 275-306 .
  • Edwards, R. G. (2005) ‘Introduction: The Beginnings of In-Vitro Fertilization and Its Derivatives’, RBMOnline publications, Modern Assisted Conception, Cambridge Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. , pp. 1-7.
  • Franklin, Sarah (1995) ‘Postmodern Procreation: A Cultural Account of Assisted Reproduction’, pp. 323-345 in Faye Ginsburg and Rayna Rapp (eds) Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction. Berkeley: University of California Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah (1997a) Embodied Progress: A Cultural Account of Assisted Conception. London: Routledge .
  • Franklin, Sarah (1997b) ‘Dolly: A New Form of Transgenic Breedwealth’ , Environmental Values 6(4): 427-437 .[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Franklin, Sarah (1999a) ‘Making Representations: The Parliamentary Debate on the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act’, pp. 127-165 in Jeanette Edwards, Sarah Franklin, Eric Hirsch, Frances Price and Marilyn Strathern, Technologies of Procreation: Kinship in the Age of Assisted Conception, 2nd edn. London: Routledge .
  • Franklin, Sarah (1999b) ‘Dead Embryos: Feminism in Suspension’, pp. 61-82 in Lynn Morgan and Meredith Michaels (eds) Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah (2000) ‘Life Itself: Global Nature and the Genetic Imaginary’, pp. 188-227 in Sarah Franklin, Celia Lury, and Jackie Stacey, Global Nature, Global Culture. London: Sage .
  • Franklin, Sarah (2001a) ‘Biologization Revisited: Kinship Theory in the Context of the New Biologies’, pp. 302-328 in Sarah Franklin and Susan McKinnon (eds) Relative Values: Reconfiguring Kinship Study. Durham, NC: Duke University Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah (2001b) ‘Culturing Biology: Cell Lines for the Second Millennium’ , Health 5(3): 335-354 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Franklin, Sarah (2001c) ‘Sheepwatching’ , Anthropology Today 17(3): 3-9 .
  • Franklin, Sarah (2003a) ‘Ethical Biocapital: New Strategies of Cell Culture?’, pp. 97-128 in Sarah Franklin and Margaret Lock (eds) Remaking Life and Death: Toward an Anthropology of the Biosciences. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah (2003b) ‘Kinship, Genes, and Cloning: Life after Dolly’, pp. 95-110 in Alan H. Goodman, Deborah Heath and M. Susan Lindee (eds) Genetic Nature/Culture: Anthropology and Science Beyond the Two-Culture Divide. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah (2003c) ‘Rethinking Nature/Culture: Anthropology and the New Genetics’ , Anthropological Theory 3(1): 65-86 .[Abstract]
  • Franklin, Sarah (2003d) ‘Drawing the Line at Not-fully-human: What We Already Know’ , American Journal of Bioethics 3(3): 25-26 .
  • Franklin, Sarah (2005a) ‘Consent Session Data Collection: Pilot Exercise Results’ , findings presented at the Second Meeting of the UK Network of hES Cell Coordinators (hESCCO), Leeds 28-29 June.
  • Franklin, Sarah (2005b) ‘Stem Cells R Us: Emergent Life Forms and the Global Biological’, pp. 59-78 in Aihwa Ong and Stephen Collier (eds) Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics and Ethics as Anthropological Problems. New York and London: Blackwell .
  • Franklin, Sarah (2006a) ‘Embryonic Economies: The Double Reproductive Value of Stem Cells’ , Biosocieties 1(1): 71-90 .[CrossRef]
  • Franklin, Sarah (2006b) ‘The IVF-Stem Cell Interface’ , International Journal of Surgery 4(2): 86-90 .[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Franklin, Sarah (2007) Dolly Mixtures: The Remaking of Genealogy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah (forthcoming) ‘Crook Pipettes: Embryonic Emigrations from Agriculture to Reproductive Biomedicine’, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and the Biomedical Sciences, special issue ‘From Farm to Clinic’, ed. Sarah Wilmot.
  • Franklin, Sarah and Margaret Lock (eds) (2003a) Remaking Life and Death: Toward an Anthropology of the Biosciences. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah and Margaret Lock (2003b) ‘Animation and Cessation: The Remaking of Life and Death’, pp. 3-22 in Sarah Franklin and Margaret Lock (eds) Remaking Life and Death: Toward an Anthropology of the Biosciences. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah and Susan McKinnon (eds) (2001a) Relative Values: Reconfiguring Kinship Studies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah and Susan McKinnon (2001b) ‘Introduction’, pp. 1-28 in Sarah Franklin and Susan McKinnon (eds) Relative Values: Reconfiguring Kinship Studies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah and Helena Ragone (eds) (1998) Reproducing Reproduction: Kinship, Power, and Technological Innovation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah and Celia Roberts (2006) Born and Made: An Ethnography of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
  • Franklin, Sarah, Celia Lury and Jackie Stacey (2000) Global Nature, Global Culture. London: Sage .
  • Franklin, Sarah, Celia Roberts, Karen Throsby, Peter Braude, Jenny Shaw, Alison Lashwoodet al. (2005) ‘Factors Affecting PGD Patients’ Consent to Donate Embryos to Stem Cell Research’ , Reproductive BioMedicine Online 10(S2): 31-31 .
  • Ganchoff, Chris (2004) ‘Regenerating Movements: Embryonic Stem Cells and the Politics of Potentiality’ , Sociology of Health and Illness 26(6): 757-774 .[CrossRef]
  • Good, M. D. V., B. J. Good, C. Schaffer and S. E. Lind (1990) ‘American Oncology and the Discourse on Hope’ , Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 14(1): 59-79 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Gottweis, Herbert (2002) ‘Stem Cell Policies in the United States and in Germany: Between Bioethics and Regulation’ , Policy Studies Journal 30: 444-469 .[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Graham, Chris (2000) ‘Mammalian Development in the UK (1950-1995)’ , International Journal of Developmental Biology 44: 51-55 .[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Haraway, Donna (1976) Crystals, Fabrics and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-century Developmental Biology. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press .
  • Haraway, Donna (1989) Primate Visions: Gender, Race and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York: Routledge .
  • Haraway, Donna (1991) Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. London: Free Association Books .
  • Haraway, Donna (1997) Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium. FemaleMan©_ Meets_OncoMouseTM. New York: Routledge .
  • Haraway, Donna (2003) The Companion Species Manifesto. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press .
  • Haraway, Donna (2004) The Haraway Reader. New York: Routledge .
  • Hogle, Linda (2003) ‘Life/Time Warranty: Rechargeable Cells and Extendable Lives’, pp. 61-96 in Sarah Franklin and Margaret Lock (eds) Remaking Life and Death: Toward an Anthropology of the Biosciences. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press .
  • Horder, T. J., J. A. Witkowski and C. C. Wylie (eds) (1985) A History of Embryology: The Eighth Symposium of the British Society for Developmental Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
  • Keller, Evelyn (2002) The Century of the Gene. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
  • Kitzinger, Jenny, Clare Williams and Lesley Henderson (2003) ‘Envisaging the Embryo in Stem Cell Research’ , Sociology of Health and Illness 25(7): 793-814 .[CrossRef]
  • Konrad, Monica (1998) ‘Ova Donation and Symbols of Substance: Some Variations on the Theme of Sex, Gender and the Partible Body’ , Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (NS) 4: 643-667 .[CrossRef]
  • Konrad, Monica (2003a) ‘From Secrets of Life to the Life of Secrets: Tracing Genetic Knowledge as Genealogical Ethics in Biomedical Britain’ , Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 9(2): 339-359 .[CrossRef]
  • Konrad, Monica (2003b) ‘Predictive Genetic Testing and the Makings of the Pre-symptomatic Person: Prognostic Moralities amongst Huntington’s-affected Families’ , Anthropology and Medicine 10(1): 23-49 .
  • Konrad, Monica (2005a) Nameless Relations: Anonymity, Melanesia, and Reproductive Gift Exchange between British Ova Donors and Recipients. Oxford: Berghahn .
  • Konrad, Monica (2005b) Narrating the New Predictive Genetics: Ethics, Ethnography and Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
  • Landecker, Hannah (2000) ‘Immortality, In Vitro: A History of the HeLa Cell Line’, pp. 53-74 in Paul E. Brodwin (ed.) Biotechnology and Culture: Bodies, Anxieties, Ethics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press .
  • Landecker, Hannah (2003) ‘On Beginning and Ending with Apoptosis: Cell Death and Biomedicine’, pp. 23-60 in Sarah Franklin and Margaret Lock (eds) Remaking Life and Death: Toward an Anthropology of the Biosciences. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press .
  • Landecker, Hannah (2006) How Cells Became Technologies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
  • Latour, Bruno (1987) Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
  • Latour, Bruno (1993) We Have Never Been Modern, trans. Catherine Porter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
  • Latour, Bruno and Steve Woolgar (1986) Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
  • Leach, Helen M. (2003) ‘Human Domestication Reconsidered’ , Current Anthropology 44(3): 349-368 .
  • Lebacqz, Karen (2001) ‘Who "Owns" Cells and Tissues?’ , Health Care Analysis 9: 353-367 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Liddell, Kathleen and Susan Wallace (2005) ‘Emerging Regulatory Issues for Stem Cell Medicine’ , Genomics, Society and Policy 1(1): 54-73 .
  • Lock, Margaret (2001) ‘The Alienation of Body Tissue and the Biopolitics of Immortalized Cell Lines’ , Body & Society 7(2-3): 63-91 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • McLaren, Anne (1981) Germ Cells and Soma: A New Look at an Old Problem. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press .
  • Maienschein, Jane (2003) Whose View of Life?: Embryos, Cloning, and Stem Cells. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
  • Mol, Annemarie (2003) The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice. Durham, NC: Duke University Press .
  • MORI (2003) Public Attitudes Toward the Use of Embryos in Medical Research, February. URL: www.mori.com/polls/2003/amrc.shtml.
  • Morgan, Lynn (2003) ‘Embryo Tales’, pp. 261-292 in Sarah Franklin and Margaret Lock (eds) Rethinking Life and Death: Toward an Anthropology of the Biosciences. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press .
  • Mortimer, David (2005) ‘A Critical Assessment of the Impact of the European Tissue and Cells Directive (2004) on Laboratory Practices in Assisted Conception’ , Reproductive BioMedicine Online 11(2): 162-176 .[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Mulkay, Michael (1997) The Embryo Research Debate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
  • Nash, Catherine (2004) ‘Genetic Kinship’ , Cultural Studies 18: 1-33 .
  • Parry, Bronwyn (2004) Trading the Genome: Investigating the Commodification of Bio-information. New York: Columbia University Press .
  • Parson, Ann (2004) The Proteus Effect: Stem Cells and Their Promise for Medicine. Washington: Joseph Henry .
  • Rabinow, Paul (1992) ‘Artificiality and Enlightenment: From Sociobiology to Biosociality’, pp. 234-252 in Jonathan Crary and Sanford Kwinter (eds) Incorporations. New York: Zone Books .
  • Rapp, Rayna (2003) ‘Cell Life and Death, Child Life and Death: Genomic Horizons, Genetic Diseases, Family Stories’, pp 129-164 in Sarah Franklin and Margaret Lock (eds) Remaking Life and Death: Toward an Anthropology of the Biosciences. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press .
  • Rapp, Rayna and Faye Ginsburg (2002) ‘Enabling Disability: Rewriting Kinship, Reimagining Citizenship’ , Public Culture 13(3): 553-566 .
  • Resnik, David (2002) ‘The Commercialization of Human Stem Cells: Ethical and Policy Issues’ , Health Care Analysis 10(2): 127-154 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Rose, Nikolas (2001) ‘The Politics of Life Itself’ , Theory, Culture & Society 18(6): 1-30 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Rose, Nikolas (2006) The Politics of Life Itself. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
  • Rose, Nikolas and Carlos Novas (2005) ‘Biological Citizenship’, pp. 439-463 in Aihwa Ong and Stephen J. Collier (eds) Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems. Malden, MA: Blackwell .
  • Sapp, Jan (1991) ‘Concepts of Organisation: The Leverage of Ciliate Protozoa’, pp. 229-258 in Scott Gilbert (ed.) A Conceptual History of Embryology. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Shamblott, M., J. Axelman, S. Wang, E. M. Bugg, J. W. Littlefield, P. J. Donovanet al. (1998) ‘Derivation of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Cultured Human Primordial Germ Cells’ , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95: 13726-13731 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Solter, D., D. Beyleveld, M. B. Friele, J. Holowka, H. Lilie, R. Lovell-Badgeet al. (2003) Embryo Research in a Plural Europe. Berlin: Springer-Verlag .
  • Spallone, Patricia (1996) ‘The Salutary Tale of the Pre-Embryo’, in Nina Lykke and Rosi Braidotti (eds) Between Monsters, Goddesses and Cyborgs: Feminist Confrontations with Science, Medicine and Cyberspace. London: Palgrave Macmillan .
  • Sperling, Stefan (2004) ‘From Crisis to Potentiality: Managing Potential Selves: Stem Cells, Immigrants, and German Identity’ , Science and Public Policy 31(2): 139-149 .
  • Squier, Susan (2000) ‘Life and Death at Strangeways: The Tissue Culture Point of View’, pp. 27-52 in Paul E. Brodwin (ed.) Biotechnology and Culture: Bodies, Anxieties, Ethics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press .
  • Squier, Susan (2004) Liminal Lives: Imagining the Human at the Frontiers of Biomedicine. Durham, NC: Duke University Press .
  • Strathern, Marilyn (1992a) After Nature: English Kinship in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
  • Strathern, Marilyn (1992b) Reproducing the Future: Essays on Anthropology, Kinship and the New Reproductive Technologies. New York: Routledge .
  • Strathern, Marilyn (1999) Property, Substance and Effect: Anthropological Essays on Persons and Things. London: Athlone Press .
  • Strathern, Marilyn (2005) Kinship, Law and the Unexpected: Relatives are Always a Surprise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
  • Thompson, Charis (2001) ‘Strategic Naturalizing: Kinship in an Infertility Clinic’, pp. 175-202 in Sarah Franklin and Susan McKinnon (eds) Relative Values: Reconfiguring Kinship Studies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press .
  • Thompson, Charis (2005) Making Parents: The Ontological Choreography of Reproductive Technologies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press .
  • Thomson, J., J. Iskovitz-Eldor, S. Shapiro, M. Waknitz, J. Swiergel, V. Marshallet al. (1998) ‘Embryonic Stem Cells Derived from Human Blastocysts’ , Science 282: 1145-1147 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Throsby, Karen (2004) When IVF Fails: Feminism, Infertility and the Negotiation of Normality. Houndmills: Palgrave .
  • Tutton, Richard and Oonagh Corrigan (eds) (2004) Genetic Databases: Socio-ethical Issues in the Collection and use of DNA. London: Routledge .
  • Waldby, Catherine (2002) ‘Stem Cells, Tissue Cultures, and the Production of Biovalue’ , Health 6(3): 305-323 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Waldby, Catherine and Robert Mitchell (2006) Tissue Economies: Blood, Organs, and Cell Lines in Late Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press .
  • Waldby, Catherine and Susan Squier (2003) ‘Ontogeny, Ontology, and Phylogeny: Embryonic life and Stem Cell Technologies’ , Configurations 11: 27-46 .
  • West, Michael D. (2003) The Immortal Cell: One Scientist’s Quest to Solve the Mystery of Human Ageing. New York: Doubleday .
  • Willadsen, S. (1979) ‘A Method for the Culture of Micromanipulated Sheep Embryos and its Use to Provide Monozygotic Twins’ , Nature 277: 289-300 .[CrossRef]
  • Willadsen, S. (1980) ‘The Viability of Early Cleavage Stages Containing Half the Number of Blastomeres in the Sheep’ , Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 59: 357-362 .[Abstract]
  • Wilmut, Ian, Keith Campbell and Colin Tudge (2000) The Second Creation: The Age of Biological Control by the Scientists Who Cloned Dolly. London: Headline .
  • Wilmut, I., A. E. Schnieke, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind and K. H. S. Campbell (1997) ‘Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Mammalian Cells’ , Nature 385: 811-813 .[CrossRef]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Franklin, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?